الاشارا ت الزمانية في اللغتين الانجليزية والعربية دراسة مقارنة

**د. عبد الله بن محمود** · 23/Mar/2010, 01:56 PM

الباحث: د / أسيل عبد الودود محمود حزمان

الدرجة العلمية: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا

بلد الدراسة: اليمن

لغة الدراسة: الإنجليزية

تاريخ الإقرار: 2008

Abstract :

The concepts associated with time are expressed either by tense, aspect, and auxiliary (including modals) in the verb phrase or by adverbials. Temporal adverbs provide the tool for expressing time; they specify the temporal meaning of the verb. If the temporal adverbial is related to the time of utterance, it is called a deictic adverb such as tomorrow, yesterday, now, ago, then, etc. Some deictic modifiers like next, this, last, when accompanying other non-deictic words like day (days of the week), month and year, make a combination of complex adverbial.

A temporal adverbial in English can be a single word or a combination of words (prepositional phrase) or a subordinate clause.

There is a certain level of agreement between the verb tense and the time adverb, e.g.
(281) They came yesterday

Came is in the past tense and yesterday is a past time adverbial. It is ungrammatical to put tomorrow instead as the latter is in the future time.

According to temporal circumstances, adverbials function as follows:
1.Adjunct: it answers the question of when? Or how long? of the clause.
2. Subjunct: it works with a verb phrase. Adverbs of the kind are: just, yet, still, etc.
3.Conjunct: it organizes discourse and joins elements of the utterance. Examples of the kind: first, after that, next, etc

Temporal adverbials in English can either be definite, e.g. tomorrow, yesterday, this evening, etc. or indefinite, e.g. still, already, etc.; they include the following:
I. An adverbial phrase of time can be either an adverb phrase or a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase of time.
II. An adverbial clause of time.

Temporal Adverbs in English can be divided into three classes:
1.Adverbs of time-when: they can identify the period of time directly, e.g. now, just, etc. or indirectly by referring to another time understood by the context, e.g. next, soon, then, etc.
2.Adverbs of duration: they refer to the time span, e.g. till, from, during, etc.
3.Adverbs of frequency: they refer to the frequency of time. They can be definite, e.g. once, twice, daily, etc. or indefinite such as always, often, seldom, etc. English has time compound adverbs too, e.g. whenever, clockwise, etc.

Time prepositional phrase in English usually consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase, e.g. in the morning, at night, at that time, etc.

Noun phrases can function as adverbial too, e.g. last year, yesterday, tonight, tomorrow, the day before yesterday, this afternoon, the day after tomorrow, etc.

The Second type of temporal adverbial in English is the adverbial subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses can be either finite or non-finite, e.g.
(282 a.) She speaks French whenever she likes
b. While waiting, I saw the manager coming

A number of time adverbs function as complements of prepositions, e.g. since then, till yesterday, after tomorrow, by today, from tomorrow, forever, before now, before long, etc.

Adverbials in MSA have a significant role in transferring the point of time in the present to some other point of time in the past or the future. Adverbials are divided into:

1.Adverbial Phrases of time, which include:
I. Adverb Phrases that consists of adverbs of time: they are accusative nouns that show the time of the action. MSA temporal adverbs are either inflected which are used as adverbs but in cases other than accusative, e.g. Xad غد (tomorrow), ÿalÿāna الآن (now), yawm يوم (day), šahr شهر (month), etc. or uninflected that are used only in the accusative case, e.g. sahar سحر (early morning), qattu قط (never), etc. time-when adverbs, adverbs of frequency, duration adverbs that explain the span of time. Some adverbs of time are related to the time of utterance, so they are deictic adverbs such as ÿalÿāna الآن (now). Some other adverbs can function both as adverbs and prepositions of time such as muðمذ / munðu منذ (since/ for).
MSA has another form of adverb, which is a compound one; it consists of two adverbs of time combined together.

II. Prepositional Phrase of time, which consists of a preposition of time and a noun phrase.

Some prepositions take the meaning of adverbs according to the context, i.e. if they are followed by adverbs of time; but the adverbs after these prepositions are considered to be complements to the prepositions, e.g. þalā على , ÿalbāÿب , maþa مع , min من and they should have the meaning of (fī).
2.Adverbial clauses of time.
3.Nouns of time: in MSA they are derived forms of the triliteral verb or quadriliteral verb by adding the syllable mīm (م) to the prefix.

منتدى الإيوان اللغوي
[فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ]
[فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ]

23/Mar/2010, 01:56 PM	#1 (permalink)
د. عبد الله بن محمود عضو اللجنة الاستشارية للمنتدى تاريخ التسجيل: Jan 2009 المشاركات: 457 Thanks: 102 Thanked 85 Times in 44 Posts معدل تقييم المستوى: 4	الاشارا ت الزمانية في اللغتين الانجليزية والعربية دراسة مقارنة الباحث: د / أسيل عبد الودود محمود حزمان الدرجة العلمية: دكتوراه الجامعة: جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا بلد الدراسة: اليمنلغة الدراسة: الإنجليزيةتاريخ الإقرار: 2008 Abstract : The concepts associated with time are expressed either by tense, aspect, and auxiliary (including modals) in the verb phrase or by adverbials. Temporal adverbs provide the tool for expressing time; they specify the temporal meaning of the verb. If the temporal adverbial is related to the time of utterance, it is called a deictic adverb such as tomorrow, yesterday, now, ago, then, etc. Some deictic modifiers like next, this, last, when accompanying other non-deictic words like day (days of the week), month and year, make a combination of complex adverbial. A temporal adverbial in English can be a single word or a combination of words (prepositional phrase) or a subordinate clause. There is a certain level of agreement between the verb tense and the time adverb, e.g. (281) They came yesterday Came is in the past tense and yesterday is a past time adverbial. It is ungrammatical to put tomorrow instead as the latter is in the future time. According to temporal circumstances, adverbials function as follows: 1.Adjunct: it answers the question of when? Or how long? of the clause. 2. Subjunct: it works with a verb phrase. Adverbs of the kind are: just, yet, still, etc. 3.Conjunct: it organizes discourse and joins elements of the utterance. Examples of the kind: first, after that, next, etc Temporal adverbials in English can either be definite, e.g. tomorrow, yesterday, this evening, etc. or indefinite, e.g. still, already, etc.; they include the following: I. An adverbial phrase of time can be either an adverb phrase or a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase of time. II. An adverbial clause of time. Temporal Adverbs in English can be divided into three classes: 1.Adverbs of time-when: they can identify the period of time directly, e.g. now, just, etc. or indirectly by referring to another time understood by the context, e.g. next, soon, then, etc. 2.Adverbs of duration: they refer to the time span, e.g. till, from, during, etc. 3.Adverbs of frequency: they refer to the frequency of time. They can be definite, e.g. once, twice, daily, etc. or indefinite such as always, often, seldom, etc. English has time compound adverbs too, e.g. whenever, clockwise, etc. Time prepositional phrase in English usually consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase, e.g. in the morning, at night, at that time, etc. Noun phrases can function as adverbial too, e.g. last year, yesterday, tonight, tomorrow, the day before yesterday, this afternoon, the day after tomorrow, etc. The Second type of temporal adverbial in English is the adverbial subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses can be either finite or non-finite, e.g. (282 a.) She speaks French whenever she likes b. While waiting, I saw the manager coming A number of time adverbs function as complements of prepositions, e.g. since then, till yesterday, after tomorrow, by today, from tomorrow, forever, before now, before long, etc. Adverbials in MSA have a significant role in transferring the point of time in the present to some other point of time in the past or the future. Adverbials are divided into: 1.Adverbial Phrases of time, which include: I. Adverb Phrases that consists of adverbs of time: they are accusative nouns that show the time of the action. MSA temporal adverbs are either inflected which are used as adverbs but in cases other than accusative, e.g. Xad غد (tomorrow), ÿalÿāna الآن (now), yawm يوم (day), šahr شهر (month), etc. or uninflected that are used only in the accusative case, e.g. sahar سحر (early morning), qattu قط (never), etc. time-when adverbs, adverbs of frequency, duration adverbs that explain the span of time. Some adverbs of time are related to the time of utterance, so they are deictic adverbs such as ÿalÿāna الآن (now). Some other adverbs can function both as adverbs and prepositions of time such as muðمذ / munðu منذ (since/ for). MSA has another form of adverb, which is a compound one; it consists of two adverbs of time combined together. II. Prepositional Phrase of time, which consists of a preposition of time and a noun phrase. Some prepositions take the meaning of adverbs according to the context, i.e. if they are followed by adverbs of time; but the adverbs after these prepositions are considered to be complements to the prepositions, e.g. þalā على , ÿalbāÿب , maþa مع , min من and they should have the meaning of (fī). 2.Adverbial clauses of time. 3.Nouns of time: in MSA they are derived forms of the triliteral verb or quadriliteral verb by adding the syllable mīm (م) to the prefix. منتدى الإيوان اللغوي [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ] [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ] آخر تعديل بواسطة د. عبد الله بن محمود ، 24/May/2010 الساعة 02:13 PM

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