الجمل الثانوية في اللغة العربية

**د. عبد الله بن محمود** · 27/Mar/2010, 01:47 PM

الباحث: د / محمد سالم أحمد مسرور

الدرجة العلمية: دكتوراه

الجامعة: دلهي

الكلية: الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية

القسم: علوم اللغة

بلد الدراسة: الهند

تاريخ الإقرار: 2005

INTRODUCTION
This study is a modest attempt to provide a principled, unified account for a variety of linguistic phenomena in subordinate clauses in Arabic such as subordinating devices among relative, complement and adverbial clauses; external behaviour and internal structure of subordinate clauses; Case assignment mechanisms and cliticization in such clauses.
Data of this study is collected from several sources such as the Noble Qur’an, grammatical references and literary books. Some data is self-provided and some data is collected from native speakers in personal communication. While dialectal data is avoided, data in this study is drawn from classical and modern Standard Arabic, since there are no major phonological, morphological, and syntactic differences between these two versions of Arabic, though some classical vocabulary is no longer used (cf. chapter 1 and chapter 2). We prefer to study Standard Arabic, since it is the language of education, literature, mass media, etc. in all the 22 Arabic countries. Standard Arabic is also understood inside and outside the Arabic world. In contrast, each dialect is only adopted for personal communication and in some theatre works in its local area. While a study of an isolated Arabic dialect can be of a theoretical significance, a study in Standard Arabic Linguistics can be too of theoretical significance as well as of a significant help, for educational purposes, to a large number of Arab and foreign students who are interested in Arabic linguistics, which is a part of our concern in the Faculty of Education, Shabwa (University of Aden, Yemen).
Linguistic data in this study is analysed and accounted for under the assumptions of the Principles and Parameters Theory.
We would like to attract the attention of the reader that we translate the Arabic sentences into English in such a way that shows the grammatical structure of the Arabic sentence. For example, the Arabic sentence yuriidu zaydun _an ya'haba is given the English translation ‘Zaid wants that he go’, while the xviii
proposition expressed in that sentence can be expressed in English by the sentence ‘Zaid wants to go.’
This study consists of five chapters and two appendices: chapters 1 and 2 are concerned with relativization; chapter 3 with complementation; chapter 4 with adverbial clauses; and chapter 5 is the conclusion. Appendix 1 is a collection of the major typological characteristics of Arabic and appendix II shows the members of the family of Afroasiatic languages to which Arabic belongs.
In chapter 1, the controversial characterization of _alla' is discussed.
_alla'i is the most frequent element occurring in relative clauses alongside with definite nouns. In section 1.1, we provide the required data and argumentation to examine the analysis, adopted by Borer (1984), Rizzi (1990), Shlonsky (1992), Suñer (1998), Aoun et al. (2001) etc., that _alla'i is a ‘complementizer’, where we show that this analysis is not suitable. In section 1.2, we turn to discuss the analysis, adopted by Wright (1967), Al-Khuli (1979), Hopkins (1984), Owens (1988), Mohammad (1999), Schulz (2004), Hala Abdelghany (2004), etc., that _alla'i is a ‘relative pronoun’. A closer look at the comprehensive agreement, including case agreement, between _alla'i and the head noun as well as the fact that _alla'i does not play any role within the restricting clause reveals that this analysis is inadequate. In section 1.3, we crystallize an alternative analysis according to which _alla'i is identified as a copy pronoun. Discussing the internal structure of relative clauses leads us to discuss, in section 1.4, the phenomenon of cliticization, where we show that Roberts and Shlonsky’s (1995) analysis is not at issue in Arabic. In contrast, we elaborate our own analysis.
In chapter 2, we discuss the nature of the relative clause in Arabic; and we find out which strategies of relativization are working in Arabic and which strategies are not. In section 2.3, we investigate the syntactic status and behavior of the expressions man ‘who’, maa ‘what’, and _ayy ‘which’ to find out whether they are copy pronouns or relative pronouns. This investigation is extended to find
Xix out whether or not movement is involved in relative clause formation. In addition to this, we discuss how the demonstrative expression 'aa and the definite article _al- can be operative in relative clauses as relative expressions. Data and discussion in sections 2.4 and 2.5 show that relativization in Arabic comply with Keenan and Comrie’s (1977) Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy. In section 2.6, we argue that traditional grammarians analysis of relative particles needs to be reanalysed
in accordance with relative clause definition and semantics. Then, we give each particle its proper characterization. Cleft and pseudo-cleft sentences are adduced in section 2.7 to get more insights into relative clauses and to support our claim with respect to clitic pronouns as arguments holding case, and not Agr elements.
Chapter 3 begins with complementizers, where we refer, in section 3.1, to the environments in which each complementizer occurs; and the contexts in which the comps _inna and _anna (both meaning ‘that’) can alternate. The relation between the comp _an ‘that’ and the subjunctive mood on the embedded verb is given a special concern, where we introduce a piece of evidence to support the
assumption, of the medieval Arab grammarians and the modern Arab linguists, that the comp _an ‘that’ assigns subjunctive mood to the associated verb. In section 3.2, a number of typological issues, in Arabic, are discussed in comparison with some South Asian languages. This discussion shows that Dayal’s (1996) claim that ‘adjunct wh-expressions are unacceptable’ is not at issue in Arabic,
whereas Stowell’s (1981) Case Resistance Principle is at issue. In section 3.3, since the comps _inna and _anna occur frequently in equational constructions, these constructions are thoroughly examined to find out whether they are small clauses or full-fledged IPs. In section 3.4, we intensively concentrate on the accusative subjects occurring to the right of the comp _inna / _anna. We critically
discuss the opinions of the medieval Arab grammarians (Al-Basriyyuun vs. Al-Kufiyyuun) and some modern grammarians and linguists such as Wright (1967), Aoun (1981), Fassi Fehri (1985), etc. We discuss, in particular, Plunkett’s (1993)

[فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ]
منتدى الإيوان
[فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ]

27/Mar/2010, 01:47 PM	#1 (permalink)
د. عبد الله بن محمود عضو اللجنة الاستشارية للمنتدى تاريخ التسجيل: Jan 2009 المشاركات: 457 Thanks: 102 Thanked 85 Times in 44 Posts معدل تقييم المستوى: 4	الجمل الثانوية في اللغة العربية الباحث: د / محمد سالم أحمد مسرورالدرجة العلمية: دكتوراه الجامعة: دلهيالكلية: الآداب والعلوم الإنسانيةالقسم: علوم اللغةبلد الدراسة: الهندتاريخ الإقرار: 2005 INTRODUCTION This study is a modest attempt to provide a principled, unified account for a variety of linguistic phenomena in subordinate clauses in Arabic such as subordinating devices among relative, complement and adverbial clauses; external behaviour and internal structure of subordinate clauses; Case assignment mechanisms and cliticization in such clauses. Data of this study is collected from several sources such as the Noble Qur’an, grammatical references and literary books. Some data is self-provided and some data is collected from native speakers in personal communication. While dialectal data is avoided, data in this study is drawn from classical and modern Standard Arabic, since there are no major phonological, morphological, and syntactic differences between these two versions of Arabic, though some classical vocabulary is no longer used (cf. chapter 1 and chapter 2). We prefer to study Standard Arabic, since it is the language of education, literature, mass media, etc. in all the 22 Arabic countries. Standard Arabic is also understood inside and outside the Arabic world. In contrast, each dialect is only adopted for personal communication and in some theatre works in its local area. While a study of an isolated Arabic dialect can be of a theoretical significance, a study in Standard Arabic Linguistics can be too of theoretical significance as well as of a significant help, for educational purposes, to a large number of Arab and foreign students who are interested in Arabic linguistics, which is a part of our concern in the Faculty of Education, Shabwa (University of Aden, Yemen). Linguistic data in this study is analysed and accounted for under the assumptions of the Principles and Parameters Theory. We would like to attract the attention of the reader that we translate the Arabic sentences into English in such a way that shows the grammatical structure of the Arabic sentence. For example, the Arabic sentence yuriidu zaydun _an ya'haba is given the English translation ‘Zaid wants that he go’, while the xviii proposition expressed in that sentence can be expressed in English by the sentence ‘Zaid wants to go.’ This study consists of five chapters and two appendices: chapters 1 and 2 are concerned with relativization; chapter 3 with complementation; chapter 4 with adverbial clauses; and chapter 5 is the conclusion. Appendix 1 is a collection of the major typological characteristics of Arabic and appendix II shows the members of the family of Afroasiatic languages to which Arabic belongs. In chapter 1, the controversial characterization of _alla' is discussed. _alla'i is the most frequent element occurring in relative clauses alongside with definite nouns. In section 1.1, we provide the required data and argumentation to examine the analysis, adopted by Borer (1984), Rizzi (1990), Shlonsky (1992), Suñer (1998), Aoun et al. (2001) etc., that _alla'i is a ‘complementizer’, where we show that this analysis is not suitable. In section 1.2, we turn to discuss the analysis, adopted by Wright (1967), Al-Khuli (1979), Hopkins (1984), Owens (1988), Mohammad (1999), Schulz (2004), Hala Abdelghany (2004), etc., that _alla'i is a ‘relative pronoun’. A closer look at the comprehensive agreement, including case agreement, between _alla'i and the head noun as well as the fact that _alla'i does not play any role within the restricting clause reveals that this analysis is inadequate. In section 1.3, we crystallize an alternative analysis according to which _alla'i is identified as a copy pronoun. Discussing the internal structure of relative clauses leads us to discuss, in section 1.4, the phenomenon of cliticization, where we show that Roberts and Shlonsky’s (1995) analysis is not at issue in Arabic. In contrast, we elaborate our own analysis. In chapter 2, we discuss the nature of the relative clause in Arabic; and we find out which strategies of relativization are working in Arabic and which strategies are not. In section 2.3, we investigate the syntactic status and behavior of the expressions man ‘who’, maa ‘what’, and _ayy ‘which’ to find out whether they are copy pronouns or relative pronouns. This investigation is extended to find Xix out whether or not movement is involved in relative clause formation. In addition to this, we discuss how the demonstrative expression 'aa and the definite article _al- can be operative in relative clauses as relative expressions. Data and discussion in sections 2.4 and 2.5 show that relativization in Arabic comply with Keenan and Comrie’s (1977) Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy. In section 2.6, we argue that traditional grammarians analysis of relative particles needs to be reanalysed in accordance with relative clause definition and semantics. Then, we give each particle its proper characterization. Cleft and pseudo-cleft sentences are adduced in section 2.7 to get more insights into relative clauses and to support our claim with respect to clitic pronouns as arguments holding case, and not Agr elements. Chapter 3 begins with complementizers, where we refer, in section 3.1, to the environments in which each complementizer occurs; and the contexts in which the comps _inna and _anna (both meaning ‘that’) can alternate. The relation between the comp _an ‘that’ and the subjunctive mood on the embedded verb is given a special concern, where we introduce a piece of evidence to support the assumption, of the medieval Arab grammarians and the modern Arab linguists, that the comp _an ‘that’ assigns subjunctive mood to the associated verb. In section 3.2, a number of typological issues, in Arabic, are discussed in comparison with some South Asian languages. This discussion shows that Dayal’s (1996) claim that ‘adjunct wh-expressions are unacceptable’ is not at issue in Arabic, whereas Stowell’s (1981) Case Resistance Principle is at issue. In section 3.3, since the comps _inna and _anna occur frequently in equational constructions, these constructions are thoroughly examined to find out whether they are small clauses or full-fledged IPs. In section 3.4, we intensively concentrate on the accusative subjects occurring to the right of the comp _inna / _anna. We critically discuss the opinions of the medieval Arab grammarians (Al-Basriyyuun vs. Al-Kufiyyuun) and some modern grammarians and linguists such as Wright (1967), Aoun (1981), Fassi Fehri (1985), etc. We discuss, in particular, Plunkett’s (1993) [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ] منتدى الإيوان [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين يمكنهم رؤية الروابط. ] آخر تعديل بواسطة د. عبد الله بن محمود ، 17/May/2010 الساعة 12:58 PM

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